The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident Essay Example for Free

The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident Essay Abstract The Fukushima nuclear accident triggered a large-scale nuclear leak, which has had an immeasurable impact on the global ecological environment. This article addresses, in depth, features of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident: during the incident, the impact of the incident, and aspects of the aftermath. Through an analysis of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, certain referential and significant aspects of the nuclear industry are clear. Introduction: In a strong earthquake, which occurred on the afternoon of March 11, 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan was severely damaged; this led to a leakage of radioactive substances, causing considerable concern around the world. In recent years the promotion of a low-carbon economy has resulted in nuclear power plants being seen as one of the best producers of low-carbon energy; the accident has raised Governments’ concern. A study of the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident on the surrounding environment, as well as how great significance in promoting the development of a global nuclear future. [1] 1. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant: the whole story. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant used the early BWR (Boiling Water Reactor), the standard was low, and had technical defects; poor security was the cause of the accident. The main reason for the accident was the design of the nuclear power plant which did not take into account the double impact of a powerful earthquake and consequential tsunami. In fact, the earthquake did not completely destroy the nuclear power plant; it was the tsunami that followed that destroyed the emergency diesel generators, and caused the whole plant to lose all its internal and external AC power supply. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor used water as a coolant and moderator, but the water was boiling in the reactor and changed into steam in the turbine generator. The tsunami led to the loss of the emergency power supply, and the failure of the necessary cooling of the reactor after shutdown. This led to an elevated temperature and a pressure increase; for safety it had to release the steam to release the pressure. The loss of coolant, which it could not efficiently replace, resulted in part or all of the fuel being exposed. BWR steam with radioactive substances were discharged directly through the pressure vessel dry well and then released into the atmosphere. Due to the loss of power, reactor waste heat could not find an appropriate way to escape and the temperature of the core fuel rose causing the shell zirconium to react with steam to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen was released into the plant, and continued to accumulate, finally leading to the explosion in the plant. After the accident, the core melted and was destroyed; this then led to a further expansion of nuclear contamination. [1] 2. The Fukushima Nuclear Effect on Humans Physicist Kirby Kemper, from Florida State University, said that if there was a complete nuclear reactor core melt-down, some of the most radioactive substances, such as uranium and other heavy metals, would drop to the bottom of the pressure vessel, these substance would not be emitted into the atmosphere, and could, by nuclear radiation clean-up personnel, be special process cleaned. However, some of the radioactive chemical substances would be released, fourth grain of sand size particle morphology, these substances include iodine-131, strontium-90, and cesium-137. These are a great threat to the human body, because these radioactive substances can imitate the elements required by the human body’s natural tissue components, such as radioactive iodine-131, and easily enter into the body’s tissues and organs. Radioactive iodine under certain conditions can be rapidly dispersed in the air and water. However, iodine-131‘s half-life is only eight days, which means that in a few months it will completely decay. Radioactive iodine can be dispersed through the air to the human body; it can be deposited on grass which is then eaten by cows. The cows then produce contaminated dairy products and through this transmit it into the human food chain. It may also be deposited on the leaves of vegetables or in seafood and fresh water also for human dietary consumption. [1,2] The half life of strontium-90 is 29.1 years, and due to its chemical properties being similar to calcium, is often found in human bones and teeth. In the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, there was a large amount of strontium- 90 released into the air, and deposited in the former Soviet Union, Scandinavia and other regions. Strontium-90 goes into the human body through food and drinking water, much of its intake is often associated with bone disease, bone and soft tissue tumors and leukemia. [2,3,4] The half–life of Cesium-137 is 30 years, another high risk substance which is released from a nuclear reactor core and often in the body through food and water intake, or by entering the body through the respiratory organs. A body, which is exposed to Cesium-137, will have an increased risk of cancer. [2,3,4] 3. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and Ecological Problems The Fukushima nuclear power plant accident caused huge ecological environmental hazards; in general it caused pollution. (1) Air Pollution Air causes the spread of nuclear radiation. However, the concentration of radioactive material released into the atmosphere will gradually be diluted with increased distance. It is not biologically transmitted, it is physically spread. Radioactive nuclear substances are spread through atmospheric circulation and dispersion, with attenuation according to the laws of nature. [5] Following the explosion of Unit 1 of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, at around 11.00am on March 14, there was a second hydrogen explosion; this time it occurred in Unit 3. This was followed, at about 6:00am on the 15th, by an explosion in Unit 2, where the reactor vessel was damaged more seriously in two days than compare to the consequences of the explosion of Unit 1. According to monitoring, under the influence of atmospheric movement, the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant released radioactive substances on the 15th more than 20 times the normal standard. This indicates that the explosion caused pollution of the atmosphere and affected the ecological environment of neighboring countries; with atmospheric circulation, these radioactive elements were carried outside of Japan. [5,6] (2) Water Pollution The ground water near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant’s Units 1 and 2 nuclear reactors saw the concentration of radioactive iodine and radioactive cesium surge a number of times, which no doubt contributed to the groundwater pollution. Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant radioactive material continues to flow into the ocean where marine life will be threatened. According to The New York Times, reported that researchers who extracted water samples near the nuclear power plants detected cesium-137 and iodine-131 radioisotope concentration, suggesting that the nuclear leakage accident had caused marine pollution. [7] (3) Soil Pollution Japan’s Kyodo News quoted a Japan Atomic Power Environmental Preparedness Agency expert reporting that in a 600 square km northwest region soil near the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, the radioactive cesium activity was 1.48 million per square meter Becquerel, reaching the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion mandatory evacuation standards. This is data obtained by the Japanese Government Commission on Nuclear Energy Research. At the nuclear power plant in the northwest region most severely affected after the Fukushima Unit 1 nuclear power plant accident, the Japanese government evacuated about 80,000 people from the vicinity. Earlier, the Japanese Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, said that the date the people will be able to return their homes will not be earlier than the beginning of the next year. [8,9] (4) Food Chain Contamination University of Florida chemical oceanographer and environmental radioactivity expert, Bill Burnett, said that although iodine’s half-life is only eight days in the short term, there is no doubt that the radiation will be a threat and have an impact on the survival of marine life. But the greater potential impact of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant leakage is from that of cesium, because the decay time of cesium up to 30 years. If marine animals’ intake irradiated plants and small prey, then the marine food chain will be contaminated. Particularly noteworthy, is the fact that algae and other plants quickly absorb iodine. Previous studies have shown that toxic metal and radiation interactions suppress the immune system of vertebrates, causing them to be more susceptible to disease. Consequently, the extent of potential damage to the environment and human health is great. [10] In addition, nuclear power plants and other power plants discharge waste heat. The laws of thermodynamics indicate that the conversion efficiency of thermal energy cannot be 100%. Whether the use coal or solar system, the result will be the same. Modern coal or oil power plant efficiency is up to 40%, the efficiency of nuclear power plants is currently only 33%. Coal power stations release 15% of waste heat through the chimney, and 45% of the water heat from the cooling water discharge. However, 67% of nuclear power plant waste heat is from the cooling water discharged into rivers or sea water. The rising water temperatures caused by this has a significant impact on aquatic life. If the water temperature is too high, it will cause the death of fish, and accelerate the growth of algae, causing the water to lack oxygen. [10] 4. Conclusion Nuclear power is a clean energy source, under normal operation the power plant emissions of radioactive radiation is not large, in fact the radioactive substances emitted by coal-fired power stations is said to be much higher than nuclear power stations. Ultimately, there is no energy that can be said to be absolutely safe and clean. In accepting an energy choice, it is necessary, firstly, to rationally face security risks. Secondly, reactor technology and security is under a process of development. The problems faced by nuclear power plants, through the Fukushima incident, are a very important reference point for nuclear power to improve its security program. For example, nuclear power plants should not be placed in an earthquake zone, particularly not on a fracture layer. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant design, while taking the impact of earthquakes into account, ignored the impact of a consequential tsunami. The nuclear power plant disaster illustrates the need to take multiple natural disasters into account. Furthermore, nuclear power plant design needs to attach importance to the development of emergency plans rationality and feasibility in the event of an accident. With a belief in continuing scientific and technological progress, the security of nuclear power plants of the future should continue to improve. [11,12] References [1] Fukushima: What happened – and what needs to be done. BBC. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. [2]Takenaka, Kiyoshi (12 March 2011). Japans TEPCO preparing to release radiation from second reactor. Reuters. Retrieved 12 March 2011. [3]Radiation levels spike at Japanese nuclear plant. CNN. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011 [4]Frank N. von Hippel (September/October 2011 vol. 67 no. 5). The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 27–36. [5]Hydrogen explosions Fukushima nuclear plant: what happened? Unit 1 nuclear power plant Fukushima Pressure. TEPCO. Retrieved 8 April 2011. [6]3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms. CNN. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011. [7]Radioactive water from Japan nuclear plant leaks in sea. BBC News. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011. [8]Timeline: Japan power plant crisis. BBC News. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. [9]Japans unfolding disaster bigger than Chernobyl'. New Zealand Herald. 2 April 2011. [10] â€Å"Fukushima. Radioactive Cesium Contmination of Japan’s Food Chain.† 3 August, 2012. [11]Fukushima faced 14-metre tsunami. World Nuclear News. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011. [12]Justin McCurry. Japan raises nuclear alert level to seven. The Guardian. 12 April 2011

The Fellowship of the Rings :: essays research papers

The Fellowship of the Rings Book Report I want to introduce you to, The Fellowship of the Rings, by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is the first book to the Lord of the Rings, written by Tolkien. The settings in this book changed many times from the hills of the Shire, where the hobbits live, to the deep darkness of the mines of Moria. The book takes place in Middle Earth, which is described by Tolkien as a mysterious place that is full of good and evil. The way Tolkien described each place is amazing and it is as if you were looking at a picture and copying it down into your head. The setting in the book is very important to the story. It kept me thinking and wondering what was going to happen next, which made me read more and more. I couldn’t even begin to describe the setting of the whole book, so I mainly mentioned some of the major locations that took place in the book. In the book, the Protagonist is Frodo Baggins, a hobbit from the Shire who becomes the Ring-bearer. The Antagonist is Sauron, the Dark Lord that forged the One Ring to take over Middle-Earth. In the fellowship, aside for the ring-bearer, are three other hobbits, Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck, three of Frodo’s closest friends. There is also Gandalf, the wizard; Legolas Greenleaf, son of the Elf King of Northern Mirkwood; the dwarf Gimli, son of Gloin; Aragorn, son of Arathorn, and heir to the throne of Gondor; and Boromir, oldest son of the Steward of Gondor. They all have some talent or purpose in aiding Frodo in the quest. As the action rises the mood is often tense with suspense and a sense of doom. They are in constant danger, always being watched or hunted. The hobbits leave their precious homes and travel through the Old Forest to get to Bree, where they meet Aragorn and he aids them in their journey. All five later leave for Rivendell and the mood is quite tense with the Black Riders hunting them down. On the way, they stop at Weathertop, where Frodo is, unfortunately, stabbed with a Morgul blade. Luckily, they all get to Rivendell safely with the help of Glorfindel, an elf. The fellowship continues on their quest to get rid of the ring and was forced to trudge through Caradhras in order to avoid ‘the dark and secret way’.

Financial Markets Study Questions Essay

14.1 What are financial markets? What function do they perform? How would an economy be worse off without them? Financial markets are institutions and procedures that facilitate transactions in all types of financial claims. Financial markets perform the function of allocating savings in the economy to the ultimate demander(s) of the savings. Without these financial markets, the total wealth of the economy would be lessened. Financial markets aid the rate of capital formation in the economy. The economy would be worse of without financial markets for several reasons. Savers would not be able to earn a return on their savings. People who need capital wouldn’t be able to get the funds from other people and so would have to rely only on their own money. The inability to get capital from others would slow the growth of businesses and reduce the purchases of consumers because they can no longer get loans. These would lead to decreased demand for products and services as well as a decrease in available jobs both of which would harm the economy. 14.3 Distinguish between the money and capital markets Money Markets facilitates transactions using short-term financial instruments; whereas, Capital Markets facilitates transactions using long-term financial instruments. A money market is a market for short term debt securities such as banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, repos, negotiable certificates of deposit, and Treasury Bills with a maturity of one year or less and often 30 days or less. Money market securities are generally very safe investment which returns a relatively low interest rate that is most appropriate for temporary cash storage or short-term time horizons. A capital market is where debt or equity securities are traded. 14.4 What major benefits do corporations and investors enjoy because of the existence of organized security exchanges? Organized stock exchanges provide for: †¢ A continuous market. This means a series of continuous security prices is generated. Price changes between trades are dampened, reducing price volatility, and enhancing the liquidity of securities. †¢ Establishing and publicizing fair security prices. Prices on an organized exchange are determined in the manner of an auction. Moreover, the prices are published in widely available media like newspapers. †¢ An aftermarket to aid businesses in the flotation of new security issues. The continuous pricing mechanism provided by the exchanges facilitates the determination of offering prices in new flotation’s. The initial buyer of the new issue has a ready market in which he can sell the security should he need liquidity rather than a financial asset.

Memory Is a Constructive and Dynamic System Rather Than a...

Exploring Psychology Memory is a constructive and dynamic system rather than a passive mechanism for recording external information. Evaluate this claim, making reference to research findings. The concept that the memory is a constructive and dynamic system was originally introduced by Sir Frederic Bartlett, in the 1920’s. According to Bartlett, social factors influence one’s ability to remember, and in turn, can either change a person’s perception of a specific memory or distort the original memory. As opposed to the memory being a ‘passive mechanism’ which indicates that the brain can store data and facts which can later be recalled without distortion and remain as they were when they were first encoded. Bartlett suggests†¦show more content†¦Cognitive interview skills have been invented to combat such a constructive and dynamic system which our memory is built on. These theories are called â€Å"context reinstatement†, which is a technique used that puts a person’s thoughts back to their physical surroundings so that these senses can stimulate certain memories. â€Å"Recalling everything†, is a technique that encourages a person to remember every detail of an event, whether they believe it to be relevant or not which, in turn, can lead to the retrieval of important and factual information. â€Å"Recalling in different temporal orders†, uses the technique of reversal retrieval. This method asks a person to remember the events in reverse order which puts more emphasis on remembering the facts, as this is not a natural way of thinking it forces information to be recalled. Finally, the last method is called â€Å"changing perspective† whic h asks a person to recall the events from a different perspective other than their own. This encourages them to think in more detail and again encourages more information to be retrieved (Brace, 2007, p126). All these exercises have been created to help stimulate the brain into remembering and all work on the basis that for our memories to be retrieved it is essential that we relate past experiences to specific events. Without this stimulus our mind would not be able to retrieve memories that have been storedShow MoreRelatedMemory Isa Constructive and Dynmaic System Rather Thana Passive Mechanism for Recording External Information. Evaluate This Claim, Making Reference to Research Findings1669 Words   |  7 PagesMemory is a constructive and dynamic system rather than a passive mechanism for recording external information. Evaluate this claim, making reference to research findings. In order to evaluate this claim it is necessary to look at some of the research that has been carried out on memory. 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Dignity and Respect - 1135 Words

Dignity and Respect. Dignity and respect is something everyone has a right to. I have chosen this subject because it is an important part of nursing in that to be able to fulfil the role of a nurse is firstly to respect the person you are caring for. Dignity is a feeling of being valued, respected, having self-worth, supported and being able to show empathy and compassion for the people nurses look after. So for me it’s important to outline the principles in dignity and respect when looking after people who are vulnerable. Firstly we will look at ethics in nursing regarding dignity and respect, treating a person as an individual when in hospital can be an important part of any patients healing process, and to make sure these patients†¦show more content†¦Evidence based practice is based on evidence used to support practice and nurses must justify their rationale, it is now formed as an integral part of management, education, strategy and policy. Ongoing development and changes in healthcare delivery enable nurses to maintain standards of nursing and develop their competence and performance. Through this the patients well-being is maintained, respecting them through accessing up to date knowledge and skills that are essential in an ever changing environment. Multi-disciplinary working:- This means people from different disciplines all working together with the same goal or interest, it involves doctors, nurses, physios, occupational therapists, social workers and many other agencies working in the best interest of the patient. This ensures that continuing care is a smooth process from hospital admission and beyond. Respecting work colleagues and working as a team, listening to their contributions and sharing your knowledge will have an important impact on the patients care, maintain their dignity and respecting this will give the best outcome for them. 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Child Sexual Abuse Scandal in the Catholic Church

Introduction For more than two decades, the child sexual abuse scandal has rocked the Roman Catholic Church and parishes across the United States. In the last few years, it has even creeped overseas and now constitutes the greatest moral crisis that has faced the Church in more than a century. While the Church has promised and instituted reforms, the damage has been major to its reputation. The case represents a case study in values-driven management and in effective organizational communications. Analysis Catholic sex abuse cases have comprised an ongoing series of trials, convictions, trials and investigations into allegations of sex crimes by Catholic priests and members of the religious orders (USA Today). These cases started receiving public attention in the mid-1980s (BBC). The sexual abuse of minors by priests has and continues to receive significant media attention in several countries including the U.S., Canada, Ireland, the U.K., Mexico, Belgium, Germany and France, with numbers of other cases being reported throughout the world. Additionally, the scandal has focused upon Catholic hierarchy who failed to report abuse allegations civil authorities. In cases they frequently reassigned the accused to other locations where they often continued abusing minors (Goodstein). In defending the Churchs actions, some psychiatrists and bishops contended that people could be cured of such behavior through counseling . Membership in the church hierarchy has arguedShow MoreRelatedPedophile Priest Scandal Essay580 Words   |  3 PagesPriest Scandal In 2002 the Catholic Church was rocked with scandalous reports of Priests sexually molesting young children and particularly boys. The scandal is the result of numerous investigations, allegations, arrests, trials, convictions and imprisonment of Catholic Priests. It became largely reported that once trusted and respected Catholic Priests were pedophiles. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes pedophilia as a mental disorder if the sexual fantasiesRead MoreChristianity and Islam Essay948 Words   |  4 Pagescan be religious about other things than God. You can worship money or your work. Society has become materialistic, as the age of technology has progressed. Political power and wealth have had an immense influence in religion. Various conflicts and scandals have plagued the image of Christianity and Islam. Conflicts in the Middle East have created tension in the Islamic religion. In American popular culture today, terrorism and Islam have become equivalent since the September eleven attacksRead MoreSex Abuse And The Catholic Church773 Words   |  4 Pageswith confusing sex scandals. As a result, sexual misconduct is a major issue in the churches today. Child molestation within the churches reeks of priests being caught-up in lust and unmistakably is a real sign that the brotherhood lacks guidance of the profound reality of the LORD’S sexual identity. Notably, in these past several decades, an enormous amount of priests, along with various other ‘proclaimed’ Christians, predominantly waver with uncertainty, puzzled why they have sexual desires and totallyRead MoreEssay The Horror of Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church.2230 Words   |  9 PagesThe Horror of Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church. Early Sunday morning, people shuffle in through the mahogany doors as the smell of Frankincense and Myrrh tickle the nose. 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Jetblue Mission/Vision Satatement free essay sample

JetBlue’s Mission Statement JetBlue currently files its mission statement under an annual report heading of â€Å"Our Value Proposition. † This mission statement appears as more of a slogan and is quickly dispensed in one sentence: â€Å"Our mission is to bring humanity back to air travel† (â€Å"JetBlue Annual Report, 2010). However, as the expanded mission description and incorporated vision attest, successive statements further expand on the corporate goals. These four statements read as follows: †¢ High Quality Service and Product †¢ Low Operating Costs †¢ Brand Strength †¢ Strength of Our People The company has never formalized a standard vision plan or traditional vision statement, as noted in the 2003 interview with Nigel Adams, Vice President of Customer Service. â€Å"One of our values is fun,† Adams said, â€Å"Were allowed to have fun, were supposed to have fun, and that comes from the top† (Judd, 2003). JetBlue replaces a formalized mission statement with five core values: safety, caring, fun, integrity, and passion (Judd, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Mission/Vision Satatement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These five values are deemed so significant that they are printed on every paper paycheck JetBlue issues (â€Å"Effectively Managing,† 2004). These values also provide the framework for the company’s culture, as noted by Chief Security Officer, Usto Schultz. Adams agrees, and posits that once a company’s values are framed, the company’s culture carries itself (Judd, 2003). As the annual report (2005) states, JetBlue looks â€Å"enhance the JetBlue experience to further differentiate our company from the competition. † JetBlue’s culture embodies what it considers the crucial â€Å"three Ps† that are introduced by high-level offers to each new employee on his or her first day of orientation: people, performance, and prosperity. Founder David Neeleman stated in 2004 that he attends a portion of the multi-day orientation program, and he speaks to staff regarding how customers (passengers) are to be treated. â€Å"It is vital that everyone understands and believes in our philosophy about treating people,† he says (Ford, 2004). JetBlue teaches its staff that each of the three Ps has measurements associated with it that help JetBlue translate the essential core values into quantifiable terms (â€Å"Effectively Managing,† 2004). Although the three Ps have associated, measurable subtopics, one usual corporate objective is lacking: growth. JetBlue places company expansion under its business plan rather than mixed in with its employee expectations (â€Å"Effectively Managing,† 2004). JetBlue tempers its mission considerably via its famous 2007-penned document, JetBlue’s Customer Bill of Rights. Drafted in response to an 11-hour stranding of passengers on a JFK tarmac, this document specifies refund options and dollar amounts awarded as compensation for cancelled flights (Barney and Hesterly, 2010). Founder and former CEO, Dave Neeleman has summed up another component of his company’s philosophy after JetBlue infuriated customers by releasing manifest and account information to the Pentagon after 9/11. Speaking on behalf of the entire JetBlue team, Neeleman commented, â€Å"When we make a mistake, we admit it, and we do what we can to make it right† (Peterson, 2004). Enhancing JetBlue’s Mission Statement JetBlue should put together more than a 10-word sentence in order to convey the firm’s mission. Values could be separated by making the five core omponents bullet points. A new version could read as follows: JetBlue strives to put the customer’s care first in its efforts to retain humanity in air travel. We stress the following core values, on which every JetBlue employee is trained: †¢ Safety †¢ Integrity †¢ Passion †¢ Caring †¢ Fun JetBlue’s employees work as team players to ensure customers are more than passe ngers shuttled about. We want our customers to find our low fares and extra-mile employee service to be such an accommodating blend that they choose JetBlue time and again. We will continually revamp our Customer Bill of Rights so all air travelers can be assured of JetBlue’s ongoing commitment to fair treatment and good value. JetBlue’s Potential Vision Statement This segment details JetBlue possibly formalizing a vision statement in 2011. JetBlue’s 2005 annual report features a quotation from then-CEO David Neeleman that serves as a summation of company vision: â€Å"As JetBlue continues to grow, we know our commitment to friendly, helpful service, combined with amenities customers want, will continue to keep JetBlue #1 in the eyes of our customers† (â€Å"JetBlue Annual Report,† 2005). That statement reads well within that six year-old annual report. JetBlue has grown substantially since 2005 and Neeleman since has been replaced by Dave Barger as CEO (â€Å"JetBlue Annual Report,† 2010). Barger could expand on the Neelman’s vision and offer the following vision in 2011: JetBlue’s vision is one of continual emphasis on providing competitive rates for customers for all of our destinations. We will strive to maintain our industry-standard lowest cost-per-mile, and will continually seek new strategies and technologies that keep down the costs for every one of our flight routes. We foresee JetBlue as a value-driven leader, understanding that as a lower-cost carrier we will surpass customer expectations by offering noticeable amenities such as wider seats and satellite radio channels to improve the in-flight journey. As JetBlue continues to expand into new regional markets, it won’t need to change its vision or mission statements so long as the company remains true to being a low-cost carrier that strives to provide on-time service with the most competitive airfares in the industry. References